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| 1462 |
| | | In keeping with his personal interest in Plato, Cosimo de' Medici founds a Platonic Academy in Florence | |
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| c. 1595 |
| | | The writings of Matteo Ricci introduce Kung Fu Tzu to Europe under a Latin version of his name - Confucius | |
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| 1620 |
| | | In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science | |
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| 1644 |
| | | In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum | |
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| c. 1677 |
| | | Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, dealing with God, the mind and the emotions, is published shortly after his death | |
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| 1690 |
| | | John Locke publishes his Essay concerning Human Understanding, arguing that all knowledge is based on experience | |
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| 1710 |
| | | 25-year-old George Berkeley attacks Locke in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge | |
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| 1714 |
| | | In his Monadology Leibniz describes a universe consisting of forceful interactive parts that he calls 'monads' | |
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| 1739 |
| | | David Hume publishes his Treatise of Human Nature, in which he applies to the human mind the principles of experimental science | |
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| 1762 |
| | | Two books in this year, Émile and Du Contrat Social, prompt orders for the arrest of Jean-Jacques Rousseau | |
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